The Dos and Donts of Professional Custom Essays

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The Lady With An Ermine - 1141 Words

In the first version, there was just a portrait of Cecilia, with no animal. In the second attempt, Leonardo included a small grey ermine. In the third and final version, a large white ermine replaced the grey ermine. This progress really shows why Leonardo da Vinci had so much trouble finishing his paintings. Also, originally the background was blue, but in 1800, Prince Adam Czartoryski bought the piece for Princess Izabella. She did not like the painting very much. â€Å"If it s a dog, it s a very ugly one† she remarked. Taking a disliking to the blue background, she had it urgently repainted jet black. The Lady with an Ermine, a famous painting with a mysterious title, is significant because it is one of a handful of Renaissance portraits†¦show more content†¦In the painting I chose, you can see a hint of a smile on Cecilia’s lips as she looks at something the viewer cannot see. Artists started using new techniques to make their art look more realistic. Perspective was a huge role to transform a regular painting into a more 3-dimensional looking one. This made it look like you were actually in the painting, for example something that is farther away will look smaller than something right next to you. The subjects in â€Å"The Lady and the Ermine† are in  ¾ view, which demonstrates the use of perspective. Balance and proportion were also important; this is when drawing subjects are the correct size when compared to each other. As you can see, the ermine is the proper size compared to the lady. Many artists also starting using light and shadows, or also know n as â€Å"chiaroscuro†, in their works to add drama, perspective, and timing to their art. Leonardo showed this very well in all his paintings, not just in the one I chose. The shadows are very evident in this painting, Leonardo even went as far as adding shadows to the creases in Cecilia s fingers. In 1470 oil paint was brought to Italy, and artists started using them due to their beautiful rich color, which helped increase detail and depth. In addition, in paintings textures and patterns had started to appear. I you look at the painting I chose, you can see that there are patterns and designs on the lady’s dress, and you can seeShow MoreRelatedReview and Character Analysis of Katherine Mansfields Miss Brill721 Words   |  3 Pagesand judging every little thing they did. This made her happy, which opened the gate to her fantasy world. Miss Brill and the Ermine Toque are two old ladies that are lonely and searching for life. Miss Brill goes to the park every Sunday and sits on the same bench by herself. She is alone on the bench eavesdropping and judging all the people that pass by. The Ermine Toque meets up with a man in the park and so pleased to see him . . . (272). But he shook his head, lighted a cigarette, slowlyRead MoreEssay about Katherine Mansfields Miss Brill967 Words   |  4 Pagesher description of the woman in the ermine toque. This character is used not as a symbol but more as a characterization of Miss Brill. The narrator shares the details of the woman by saying: quot;she was wearing the ermine toque shed bought when her hair was yellowquot; (81). Obviously this is to create a tie between her and Miss Brill as both being old. It can also be deduced that the two are similar by comparing the fact that the woman is wearing an ermine toque which is a fur, similar to MissRead MoreMost Famous Visual Ar tist Who Is The Secret Of Her Mysterious Smile?925 Words   |  4 Pageswhomever she maybe. What else we can see on the image absence of jewelry, compare to another of most famous image which is Lady with an Ermine. In the foreground you can see a young, beautiful woman with a bright face. Her hair is dark, girded on her forehead thin strap and smoothly combed back into a small braid. They are also covered with a transparent veil. A mysterious lady is fine gray lips, large eyes. It is returned to the left, while body is tilted backward. On the slim, alabaster neck areRead MoreThe Lucretia, By Joos Van Cleve Essay1760 Words   |  8 Pagesabout to stab herself near her stomach area rather she is pointing the tip of the blade under one of her breasts. The last piece of art isn’t about Lucretia but is from the same time period and has similar characteristics and elements. The Lady with an Ermine is a portrait of Cecilia Gallerani and is also is an oil on canvas from the High Renaissance period. This masterpiece is made by Leonardo da Vinci in 1490. Leonardo da Vinci painted this portrait for the Duke of Milan of his sixteen year oldRead MoreArt During The Middle Ages1243 Words   |  5 Pageslandscape is a dreamlike background. He adds the technique of realism. The lady with the Ermine created by Leonardo Da Vinci shows the study of portraiture, anatomy and compositions. The sensitive face of the lady and the rendering of the animal amaze us with the near perfection. Da Vinci was one of the first people to make his work using mathematical proportions and the strength of pyramids as a base. Also in the Lady with the Ermine we notice her beauty. We then see her character come out as LeonardoRead MoreMiss Brill Commentary1279 Words   |  6 PagesMiss Brill’s attachment to her fur, showing her quirky nature as it isn’t the most normal thing to be excited about, especially since she mentions it throughout the story. When she sees the lady with the ermine toque, she comments on â€Å"her hair, her face, even her eyes, was the same color as the shabby ermine... Mansfield description of her thoughts characterizes Miss Brill as judgmental, as she discusses all of the people who sit on the bench beside her and imagines their daily lives based on theirRead MoreAnalysis Of Katherine Mansfield s Life1212 Words   |  5 PagesGarden Party). Miss Brill also had a darker underlying theme. A major theme in this story is the theme of isolation. She is an old-fashioned woman who has a routine that she follows consistently every week. Every Sunday, she releases her rather old ermine fur from its container (often playing with is and petting it like it was still alive) and heads for the park. She is as appropriate and detailed as her name, and the fact that she s an unmarried woman is no shock to readers as they follow her storyRead MoreAnalysis of Northern Lights by Philip Pullman Essay1412 Words   |  6 Pagesdà ¦mons. The main character in the story is young girl called Lyra Belacqua. She is a half-wild, half-civilized girl left among the Jordan College scholars by chance. Her dà ¦mon, Pantalaimon, frequently takes the shape of a brown moth or an ermine. Every person is accompanied throughout their life by a dà ¦mon, which takes the form of some kind of animal. Those of children can switch forms at will, but as they grow older this happens less and less, and at puberty the dà ¦mon fixesRead MoreThe Portrait Of Anne Montgomery1334 Words   |  6 Pagesmuch taller which helps highlight her appearance as the main subject of the painting. Aside from this, everything in the painting seems to be harmonious and not discordant. Anne appears in full length is life size while the trees and the sculpted ermine cloak aren’t. However, all these figures appear to be in perfect harmony with each other making the presentation of the portrait appear realistic. Moreover, Sir Reynolds’s painting of Anne Montgomery was created using techniques commonly used inRead MoreThe Bbc Television Series Called Merlin1224 Words   |  5 Pagesfloor length garments, hanging sleeves and ermine, martins or weasel fur. Yeoman which sometimes refers to landowners and servants could only wear Coney, Fox and Otter fur. Beads made from gold were not allowed to be worn by Yeoman. For people to be allowed to have girdles, horns and daggers with silver they had to earn  £20 a year. Queen’s ladies, head servants of duchesses, princesses and countesses were allowed to wear fur from weasel, minever and ermine. Later in Henry’s reign the law said that

Erich Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front Essay

Erich Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front â€Å"I am young, I am twenty years old; yet I know nothing of life but despair, death, fear, and fatuous superficiality cast over an abyss of sorrow. I see how peoples are set against one another, and in silence, unknowingly, foolishly, obediently, innocently slay one another (263).† Powerful changes result from horrifying experiences. Paul Baumer, the protagonists of Erich Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front utters these words signifying the loss of his humanity and the reduction to a numbed creature, devoid of emotion. Paul’s character originates in the novel as a young adult, out for an adventure, and eager to serve his country. He never realizes the terrible pressures that war†¦show more content†¦He states that when he goes home, his family will be shocked to hear this language. Paul treats his lingual freedom as privilege that soldiers have, and shows the benefits of living a soldier’s life. He refers to the front as if it were a para dise, for he can use vulgar language and not worry about manners and decorum. He treats his service as a time for relaxation, recreation, and a little excitement. This attitude becomes short-lived as the realities of war sink in. When Paul volunteers for reconnaissance one night, he becomes stranded in No Man’s Land (the area between opposing trenches) and begins to realize the brutality of war and starts to lose his own humanity. At the beginning of the book, Paul shows care towards his fellow soldiers and treats his service as an adventure by his education of the recruits and his excitement towards the boundaries of his vocabulary. When Paul becomes stranded in No Man’s Land, he undergoes the transformation from a carefree young adult to an inhumane, lifeless shell of a man. The change begins when Paul hides in a shell-hole, waiting for a pause in the bombardment. A French soldier jumps in as well, looking for shelter. Paul has prepared for this circumstance and stabs him three times. Paul’s strikes are not mortal enough, for the wounds do not immediately kill the Frenchman. The enemy soldier dies over the next day, and while the soldier slides inexorably into the throes of death, PaulShow MoreRelated A Deconstruction of Erich Maria Remarques All Quiet on the Western Front1519 Words   |  7 PagesA Deconstruction of Erich Maria Remarques All Quiet on the Western Front The young soldiers depicted in Erich Maria Remarques text All Quiet on the Western Front represent a generation without precedent, constancy, or forethought. The men, answering their elders calls to become national heroes, have lost their innocence on the battlefield and remain forever altered in belief and spirit. Remarque contrasts the cold realities of war in the present to the tranquility of the past in order toRead MoreThe Horrors of War: Erich Maria Remarques All Quiet On the Western Front2024 Words   |  9 Pagesthroughout history. One of the most devastating wars of all time would be that of the First World War. Trench Warfare became the main method of fighting and basically became a living hell for those who fought. The grime, dead bodies piling up, rats that thrived in the pits, disease, malnutrition, and just unbearable conditions, the trenches basically became a hell on Earth. The novel All Quiet on the Western Front, which was written by Erich Maria Remarque, provides almost a journal into the centerRead More Importance of Life Revealed in Erich Maria Remarques All Quiet on the Western Front906 Words   |  4 PagesRevealed in Erich Maria Remarques All Quiet on the Western Front       Erich Maria Remarques classic war novel, All Quiet on the Western Front, deals with the many ways in which World War I affected peoples lives, both the lives of soldiers on the front lines and the lives of people on the homefront. One of the most profound effects the war had was the way it made the soldiers see human life. Constant killing and death became a part of a soldiers daily life, and soldiers fighting on all sides ofRead More Horror of War Exposed in Erich Maria Remarques All Quiet on the Western Front1084 Words   |  5 PagesHorror of War Exposed in Erich Maria Remarques All Quiet on the Western Front Erich Maria Remarques All Quiet on the Western Front is one of the greatest war novels of all time. It is a story, not of Germans, but of men, who even though they may have escaped shells, were destroyed by the war. The entire purpose of this novel is to illustrate the vivid horror and raw nature of war and to change the popular belief that war has an idealistic and romantic character.   The story centers on PaulRead MoreBetrayal is the Truth in Erich Maria Remarques All Quiet on the Western Front1130 Words   |  5 Pagesharbors empty hopes. In All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque, youths like Paul Baumer must deal with the disillusion they feel towards what they were taught to believe in. Once Paul and his fellow classmates are shipped off to war, he and the others learn that they have been betrayed on all fronts. Teachers who cultivate the minds of the young and fuel their insatiable ideals become the primary objects of resentment for young soldiers in All Quiet on the Western Front. It is a resentmentRead MoreErich Maria Remarques All Quiet on the Western Front and Tim OBriens The Man I Killed: A Thematic Analysis of Short Stories1063 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Penned during two distinctly disparate eras in American military history, both Erich Maria Remarques bleak account of trench warfare during World War I, All Quiet on the Western Front, and Tim OBriens haunting elegy for a generation lost in the jungles of Vietnam, The Man I Killed, present readers with a stark reminder that beneath the veneer of glorious battle lies only suffering and death. Both authors imbue their work with a grim severity, presenting the reality of war as it truly exists.Read More All Quiet on the Western Front Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesAll Quiet on the Western Front The 19th century view of war expressed that it was the most honorable and glorious event that a man could participate in. This romantic viewpoint was quick to change after World War I. In addition, Erich Maria Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front further illustrated the ghastly nature of war. His descriptive writing portrays the graphic details of reality, leaving the readers of the 20th century in shock. Since Remarque was the first author of his timeRead MoreLiterary Critique of All Quiet on the Western Front Essay564 Words   |  3 PagesLiterary Critique of All Quiet on the Western Front In the book All Quiet on the Western Front, Erich Maria Remarque illustrates the picture of World War I to the reader. This book is the story of Paul Baumer, who with his classmates recruits in the German Army of World War I. This anti-war novel is an excellent book because through the experiences of Paul Baumer, I am able to actually feel like Im in the war. It is a very useful piece of literature, which increases the readers knowledgeRead MoreAll Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque Essay1131 Words   |  5 Pages Through the novel All Quiet on the Western Front, novelist Erich Maria Remarque provides a commentary on the dehumanizing tendencies of warfare. Remarque continuously references the soldiers at war losing all sense of humanity. The soldiers enter the war levelheaded, but upon reaching the front, their mentality changes drastically: â€Å"[they] march up, moody or good tempered soldiers – [they] reach the zone where the front begins and become on the instant human animals† (Remarque 56). This animal instinctRead More Comparing Irony of War in Dulce et Decorum, Regeneration, and Quiet on the Western Front1165 Words   |  5 PagesIrony of War Exposed in Dulce et Decorum, Regeneration, and Quiet on the Western Front    Many of the young officers who fought in the Great War enlisted in the army with glowing enthusiasm, believing that war was played in fancy uniforms with shiny swords. They considered war as a noble task, an exuberant journey filled with honor and glory. Yet, after a short period on the front, they discovered that they had been disillusioned by the war: fighting earned them nothing but hopelessness, death

Text and Traditions Discussion on Marxian View

Question: Discuss about theText and Traditions for Discussion on Marxian View. Answer: Introduction The essay highlights the theme of Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto. Communist Manifesto is a co-work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engel. The central idea of the Marxian theory is class struggle and rise of new society. In the Marxian view the class is defined according to the ownership of property. Evolve of a society has several stages such as primitive society, slave society, feudal society, capitalism and socialism (Lichtheim, 2015). According to Marx, a particular society sustains until the relation between the two different classes exists without confliction. The society breaks due to rise of class struggle. For example, a feudal society exists due to the existence of social relation between the proletariat, bourgeois and landlord. The essay analyses the development of the idea of enlightenment, freedom and equality in the Communist Manifesto of Mark. Enlightenment shows development of successive stages. Arrangement of various societal orders has been discussed in this book. The Com munist Manifesto had been written in the context of industrial revolution and against the capitalism. Discussion Karl Marks viewed the social progress because of changing control on the means of production. Means of production in a society are land, factories and the required machinery. Marx mentioned in Communist Manifesto, Conservation of the old modes of production in unaltered forms, was, on the contrary, the first condition of existence for all earlier industrial classes (Engels Marx, 2016). A relation between different classes in the economy exists as long as dominated class considers the control of ruling class. A particular type of society evolves based on the modes of production (James, 2015). Modes of production change over different types of society. The upper class in the society controls the means of production and exploits the lower class. Development of a society occurs to the next stage due to growth of class conflicts. This process is termed in Communist Manifesto as historical materialism. Berlin (2013) cited the quotation of Marx as, All fixed, fast-frozen relations, with th eir train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions are swept away; all new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify. All that is solid melts into air all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real conditions of life and his relations with his kind. Immanuel Kant described the enlightenment in the form of overcoming the self-regulated immaturity. This overcoming is possible due to having the power and freedom to use reasoning (Laski, 2014). In the Marxian view, lack of maturity in the society is the driving force of different modes of production in the society. Immaturity of one class gives opportunity to the ruling class to exploit the weaker section of the society. Marx opined enlightenment is the result of communist revolution. When, people start to realise with the self power of reasoning that they are exploited, they start to rebel against the system. The proletariat are seemed to be fool as they think themselves free, when they are actually not. They think themselves as an individual rather than a part of the wider society. They fail to realise the essence of human being. Marx explained that as long as one has to sell the labour without having ownership over it and the labour is sold to buy necessary things such as foods a nd clothing, the individual is not free (Akpan, 2016). As stated by Real (2015), Marx mentioned only about material freedom rather than ideological freedom. The class conflicts between the land lord and the proletariat gives birth of capitalism. Marks found that class conflicts first developed in the factories. The concept of freedom in Communist Manifesto is described in the context of capitalist society. In the context of freedom, Marx commented, It has resolved personal worth into exchange value, and in place of numberless indefeasible chartered freedoms, it has set up that single, unconscionable freedom -- free trade (Engels, 2015). Marx emphasised on free trade as a symbol of freedom in capitalist society. However, he argued that free trade concept actually leads to reduction in freedom rather than increase. In the society, both positive and negative forces exist. Negative freedom imposes restriction on people to do the desirable work, whereas the positive freedom implies the capacity of people to determine the best possible action. Free trade gives freedom to the capitalist to for making profit without any barrier. In the feudal so ciety, the proletariat has no right over the property and over the means of production (Mi Mao, 2013). The bourgeois controls the means of production. In the capitalist society, the workers gain the freedom to sell their labour to the capitalist. However, once the labour is sold, the labourer has no freedom to control the labour within working hour. The capitalist can exploit the labour as per wish. Unlike the feudal society, the workers in the capitalist society have only freedom choose to work or not to wok. However, the labourer has no freedom to control the means of production. In the capitalist society, the positive freedom exists because of the struggle of the labourer. Legalising limiting hour of work, restriction on use of child labour, right of free education, power of trade union are the power of the working class, which restricts the power of the capitalist. Capitalist has freedom to exploit labour wage. The trade union and government restrict this freedom by imposing minimum wage law. According to Kant theory, freedom is not that what people think to be done wilfully, however, freedom is the capacity of not doing the desirable duty (Arnfred, 2014). This theory contradicts the Marxian view of freedom. Marxian view refers that the real freedom exists in the presence of positive relation among the community and not in the isolation. Marx described in the Communist Manifesto that a negative relation exists always between the upper class and the exploited class. When the exploitation reaches at the maximum level of tolerance, the ruled class raises voice against the ruling class. In the view of Marx, the rulers win the power of control over means of production. In the feudal society, the property owners own the property and land. The farmers produce using their own labour on which they have no control. Inequality increases in the society. The feudal lord has less incentive to improve production process. The property owner without further investment consumes the surplus amount of production. In the capitalist society, the capitalist has control over the capital. The concept of wage labour arises in the capitalist society (McLellan, 2013). The workers are not given the true value of work. Therefore, the capitalist and property owners become richer by appropriating the surplus production and the working class become poorer. This system aggravates the situation of inequality. Marx argued in favour of elimination of property right. He commented that the private property right is the source of exploitation and the reason of inequality in the society. In order to avoid the class conflicts, the property needs to be owned by the state and not the specific class in the society. Laski (2014) argued in favour of private property. In the view of the anti-Marxist, people would have less incentive to work in the absence of private property. However, Marx highlighted that there was no working hour limit in the feudal society, though here was no private property rights. Communism is the class less society in the view of Marx. Communism is the last stage of development of human society, where there will be equality among different section in the society. The state would maintain the property and irrigate all the uncultivated land. All the people would get equal opportunity to access means of production according to their ability. As discussed in the Communist Manifesto, the capital and social class are building upon the concept inequality in the capitalist society. Capitalist absorbs the surplus value produced by the workers. The surplus value is reinvested in the production to appropriate surplus amount in future. Success of this system is the driving force of capital accumulation in the society. Supporting the view of Marx, Engels (2015) mentioned that the State creates an economic and political environment, where this kind of capital accumulation can succeed. Marx advocated the equality not in terms individual equality but in terms of suppressed social class. The equality in society needs to provide equal opportunity of work and equal wage for the employees irrespective of gender and religion. Conclusion The study has analysed the Marxian view of enlightenment, freedom and social equality. The concept of enlightenment grows from the power of reasoning among the individuals. The way of thinking, understanding of social relation determine the mode of production in the society. Communist Manifesto analyses the social relation, class struggle and development of society. Free trade is the source of freedom for the capitalist. Free trade facilitates the capitalists to make more profit and too exploit the working class. The exercise of freedom of one class reduces freedom of another class in a same society. In the Marxian view, the existence of private property right is the source of inequality in the society. Communism is a stage of development, where no class struggle exist in the view of Marx. Hence, in communist society, there will be no exploitation, no equality and the workers will have control over their means of production. References Akpan, B. S. (2016). Karl Marx Alienation and the Nigerian Workers.Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research,2(8). Arnfred, S. (2014). Marx In The 1990's-From A Feminist Point Of View. Notes on 1. the shortcomings and 2. the continued usefulness of Marx's thinking.Occasional Paper, (10), 79-94. Berlin, I., (2013).Karl Marx. Princeton University Press. Engels, F. Marx, K., (2016).The Manifesto of the Communist. Karl Marx. Engels, K.M.F., (2015).The manifesto of the Communist Party. Karl Marx Friedrich Engels. James, D. (2015). Allen W. Wood, The Free Development of Each: Studies on Freedom, Right, and Ethics in Classical German Philosophy. Reviewed by.Philosophy in Review,35(2), 121-123. Kamenka, E. (2015).The Ethical Foundations of Marxism (RLE Marxism)(Vol. 3). Routledge. Laski, H. J. (2014).Communism (Works of Harold J. Laski)(Vol. 5). Routledge. Lichtheim, G. (2015).Marxism (RLE Marxism): An Historical and Critical Study. Routledge. McLellan, D. (2013).Karl Marx And Friedrich Engels-The Communist Manifesto. Read Books Ltd. Mi, X., Mao, H. (2013). Marx's Social Development Theory and Its Contemporary Enlightenment.Asian Culture and History,5(2), 73. Real, M. C. A. (2015). Analysis of the Marxist Philosophy.

Psychoanalysis Essays (552 words) - Freudian Psychology, Psychology

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud was the first to talk about psychoanalysis, a technique that allows an individual to recount dreams but what psychologists call free association. Free association is the individual saying whatever comes to mind when something is said. Psychoanalysts encourage the unconscious mind to recall scenes, thoughts, and to reconstruct past experiences that have shaped the patients present behavior. Freud states that the personality develops in a series of stages. On the same hand, if we resolve our conflicts that arise during our life as they happen, then psychological problems in the future will not occur. That what we believe are spur of the moment decisions etc. are really influenced by the unconscious. Psychodynamic theories are written in the individual, often outside the conscious mind. Human behavior is based on unconscious instincts. Some are aggressive and destructive while others are thirsting for the necessary tools to survive. In the same breath, he says that sexual instinct is the most critical factor for the development of our personality. According to Freud, personality is formed around these structures: the Id, ego, and the super ego. The Id or instinctual needs is the only structure present at birth and is unconscious. It is the collection of unconscious urges and desires that continually seek expression. The ego is the part of the personality that mediates between environmental demands, which are reality, conscience or superego, and Id. It contains all the thinking and reasoning. Lastly, the super ego is the social and parental standards the individual has internalized or the moral conscience of the brain. This is not present at birth, but developed over a period of time. In conclusion, I feel psychoanalysis is a good way to understand why people do what they do, and how to recognize it and have the ability to change it. Although Freud made this discovery at the turn of the century it is still an effective way to deal with current problems some individuals may have. The article I chose was The Miseducation of the Negro. In this article, the author stated that Negroes are being denied everything relating to black culture in public schools. That they are taught everything from Hebrew to Latin but denied the rest. This article also determines that when talking to certain ?high class? blacks they felt that it was not important to learn about there culture stating that, ?he didn't go to school to waste his time.? When black courses were offered in summer schools etc. they consisted of material perceiving whites as being superior to blacks. It goes on to say that regardless of education a black couldn't make it that far because of the world they are going into. To sum up the article it claims that no matter how hard an African American works they won't get far because they are forced to go back to ?where they came from? which is the group of people considered to be uneducated and unimportant. I do not agree with this article because I believe that blacks can go anywhere they want to go. When the article was written that might have been the case but as the years have went on gradual change has come. With that change, comes more opportunities for educated people in general, and especially for black Americans. Psychology Essays

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Sexually Transmitted Diseases Free Online Research Papers Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are one of the largest health problems in the United States, as well as throughout the world. There are fifteen million newly diagnosed cases each year in the United States alone, and approximately 25% are acquired by teenagers . According to national statistics one out of four Americans will contract a STD by the age of twenty-four, and at least another quarter of the population will become infected at some point in their lifetime. Approximately sixty-five million Americans have an incurable STD (not including HIV), yet the United States has the highest rate of curable diseases in the developed world. It is estimated that approximately 8.4 billion dollars are spent towards the treatment of STDs each year. There are many different types of STDs: Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, genital warts, hepatitis B, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are some of the better known diseases. Th e following paragraphs will elaborate on and differentiate between the above mentioned diseases. Chlamydia Chlamydia is caused by bacteria known as Chlamydia trachomatis. This is the most common bacterial STD. This bacterium has been found to infect the eyes, causing conjunctivitis, particularly in newborns that contract it from their mother, the throat, usually in people who perform fellatio on an infected male, and both genital and rectal areas of the body after sexual intercourse or anal sex with an infected partner. In men this disease can lead to problems such as inflammation of the urethra, urethritis of the epididymis, epididymitis of the prostate, prostatitis, and proctitis, Chlamydia can also lead to Reiters syndrome, which is continuous urethritis, arthritis, conjunctivitis, and skin rashes even after the treatment of the disease. In women it can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) affecting fertility, urethritis, inflammation of the cervix, cervicitis of the Bartholins gland, bartholinitis of the fallopian tubes, salpingitis of the liver, and perihepatitis, also known as Fitz-Hugh Curtis syndrome, as well as causing reactive arthritis. (www.nlm.nih.gov) Most people, fifty percent of males and seventy five percent of females, do not experience any symptoms. Symptoms for men include discharge from the penis, burning with urination, an itchy or irritated urethra, and redness at the tip of the penis. Symptoms for women include genital discharge, burning with urination, pelvic pain, and/or bleeding between periods or after intercourse. No test for Chlamydia is one hundred percent accurate. Culturing for the bacteria is the oldest method of detection, which now is preferred to detect the disease in the throat or rectum. Testing for proteins and genetic material associated with Chlamydia has also been developed. The most accurate (ninety percent) is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or the ligase chain reaction (LCR) which test directly for the genetic material of Chlamydia through either swabs or urine. Once detected, antibiotics are used to treat the disease. Although there may be long term affects Chlamydia itself is completely curable. Popular medicines include doxycycline, offlozcin, erythromycin, and azithromycin. Medicines must be taken for their full course. Follow up testing is also important to make sure that the disease has been effectively treated or that one has not been re-infected. Condoms are usually very successful at preventing the contraction of Chlamydia. (Marr, 1998) Gonorrhea Gonorrhea is also caused by bacteria known as Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Close to one million people are infected each year in the United States. Unfortunately, women are much more susceptible to contract the disease if sexually active with an infected partner. Men have a twenty to thirty percent chance of contraction when sexually involved with an infected partner, while women have a sixty to eighty percent chance. (www.nlm.nih.gov). Gonorrhea has many of the same effects as Chlamydia, including urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis in men, while causing urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis, perihepatitis, and PID in women. Other similarities include infections of the throat, eyes and the rectum. Gonorrhea can also lead to joint infections, infections of the brain and spinal cord lining (meningitis), infections of the heart valves (endocarditis), and skin sores. People infected with Gonorrhea also become more susceptible to contracting other sexually transmitted diseases. Most people do experience symptoms of gonorrhea, however about ten percent of men and twenty to forty percent of women do not. Symptoms can include all of those associated with Chlamydia as well as vaginal swelling in women, and frequent urination in men. Culturing is the most prevalent method in testing for gonorrhea. The bacteria can also be identified under a microscope. LCRs and PCRs may also be used. All methods involve swabbing of possible infected areas. Antibiotics are used to treat this disease. Depending on the severity of the infections different methods of administration can be used. A single injection of ceftriaxone, or oral medications such as ofloxacin, cefixime, and ciprofloxacin are all used in treating gonorrhea. Condoms again are the best method of prevention. Follow up testing is also important. (Marr, 1998) Syphilis Syphilis is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Fifty thousand new cases of syphilis occur in the United States annually. One out of one thousand children are born with syphilis contracted from the mother. Syphilis can be contracted by contact of any mucus membranes. There are three stages of symptoms. The first stage occurs after about three weeks and consists of a painless open sore, known as a chancre, at the site of primary infection and painless swelling of the lymph nodes. The second stage may consist of all or some of the following, a red painless rash over the entire body, swelling of the lymph nodes, fever, sore throat, joint pain, headaches, hair loss, and wart like lesions in the genital area. The tertiary or late stage of syphilis includes the destruction of the body systems and organs, including the brain which is known as neurosyphilis; It is this stage which is life threatening. There are two ways to detect syphilis. The bacteria can be found under a microscope after swabbing an infected area, or a blood test to check for an immune system reaction to the disease. Often there are false positives in blood tests, so multiple tests are necessary. Penicillin is the most common form of treatment for syphilis, and it must be injected in order to become fully successful. Early stages may be cured with one injection, the later may involve more over several weeks. Neurosyphilis requires intravenous penicillin for up to two weeks. Those who are allergic to penicillin may be treated with doxycycline or tetracycline. Again follow up testing is used to measure the success of treatment. (Marr, 1998) Herpes Herpes is a viral infection. The virus is known as herpes simplex virus or simply â€Å"HSV†. There are two types: HSV-1 and HSV-2. HSV-1 usually causes cold sores around the mouth. HSV-2 generally causes open sores in the genital area. However, both viruses can cause sores on any mucus membrane including the anal area, eyes and broken skin, which means that genital herpes can be caused by either virus. Seventy million Americans have oral herpes, less than one third show symptoms. About forty five million Americans have genital herpes caused by the type two virus, with about half a million new cases being reported annually in the United States. Herpes can be especially dangerous because there are often no symptoms present. Infected individuals will often engage in sexual activities and unknowingly spread the disease on to their partners. Forty percent of those with genital herpes are symptom free after initial infection; those who do develop symptoms do so within two to twenty days. Twenty percent will remain symptom free their entire lifetime. Seventy percent of those with oral herpes will never notice symptoms. Herpes can also lead to meningitis, and encephalitis, or inflation of brain tissues. An outbreak is the term for the visible and painful sores which occur. Some experience a prodrome, or itching or tingling, prior to an outbreak. It is also possible for the virus to come to the surface without an outbreak, which is referred to as asymptomatic or subclinical shedding of the virus. Even without symptoms this shedding must occur in those infected. Men are more likely to show symptoms than women. The first outbreak is usually the most severe. The longer this first outbreak of type two lasts the more outbreaks can be expected in a year. Those with type one usually have one outbreak a year. Generally, outbreaks last ten to fourteen days, but can last up to six weeks. Herpes can be detected by culturing, or skin/blood tests including PCRs. The Tzanck skin test checks an infected piece of skin under a microscope for characteristics of herpes. It cannot distinguish type one from type two. This test has a fifty percent false negative, and therefore must be combined with additional testing when results are negative. Western blot assays and immunodot assays can be used to distinguish type one from type two although neither can say where in the body the infection lies. Though there is no cure for herpes, there are however medicines which help to treat and prevent outbreaks. Suppressants include acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famiciclovir. All these are also used in treating outbreaks, as well as penciclovir cream for cold sores. (Marr, 1998) HPV Genital warts are caused by the virus known as human papillomavirus (HPV). This is possibly the most common STD in the United States, with an estimated forty to seventy percent of sexually active people having HPV. There are over seventy types of HPV with some strains being responsible for several types of warts. Each strain tends to affect a specific area of the body. There are about twelve that affect the genital area, strains six and eleven tend to cause visible genital warts, while strains sixteen and eighteen can lead to cervical or skin cancer. Symptoms of genital warts do not always occur, yet once they do it is usually about ninety days after infection; although they sometimes take years to appear. Some will never experience symptoms in their lifetime. Though genital warts are painless they often produce itchy and fleshy bumps which can occur anywhere from the lower abdomen to the upper thighs. Urethral warts most likely will not have symptoms, but they include urethral bleeding or discharge, and/or a change in urine flow. Symptoms may clear up on their own, about twenty percent of the time, or after treatment but there is always the chance of re-occurrence. (www.cdc.gov) Genital warts can be detected visually. There is no blood test for warts as of today, although PCR can detect the virus but is not known to be definitive. A colposcopy can detect warts that are not easily visible. A colposcope is a machine used to magnify viewing of the cervix, where internal warts may reside. Since there is no cure for HPV, treatment is only used in order to stop visible symptoms. It does not prevent the spread of the disease. Cryotheropy is the act of using liquid nitrogen to freeze and kill the skin tissue of the wart. This can be used on external and cervical warts, though not on vaginal warts due to the fragile nature of the tissue. Since several treatments may be necessary the process can be painful, and redness or blistering will likely occur. Topical treatments include podophyllin or trichloracetic acid (TCA). These solutions are applied directly to warts not located on mucosal skin, as this can cause detrimental side affects if absorbed through mucosal skin, and can be combined with other treatments. Repeated use may also be necessary. Another less intense and less painful topical treatment is imiquimod. It is a cream applied to warts several times a week, for up to sixteen weeks. It has been shown to stimulate the bodys own natural immune ability. Surgery uses a scalpel to cut off warts after local anesthesia. Electro surgery uses an electrified blade or wire to perform this same task. Laser surgery requires general anesthesia and uses a laser on affected tissue to remove it. Today several vaccines are also being tested which may prevent the contraction of this disease as well as help to prevent symptoms in those infected. (Marr, 1998) Hepatitis B Hepatitis B is caused by a virus. This infection causes damage to and inflammation of the liver. Three hundred thousand new cases occur in the United States annually. Of those infected, about five thousand die of it annually. Ten percent of people in the United States blood test show evidence of this disease. Most of those infected show few or no symptoms of hepatitis B, only about one third of those infected do. Older people and those in poor health are more likely to show symptoms, which include nausea, yellowing of the skin, or jaundice, headaches, a rash which may itch, diarrhea, and/or a change of color in excrements. These usually occur within four months of initial infection, and symptoms last one to two months. This can escalate to fulminant hepatitis, which is severe liver damage, possibly causing death. In one percent of cases it progresses to liver failure, of which seventy five percent die. Problems with the skin, kidneys, and blood cells may also result. Ninety five percent of people will recover and develop immunity to the infection. The other five percent becomes carriers. There are two types of carriers, one third having chronic active hepatitis, and two thirds having chronic persistent hepatitis. The former is more severe and more contagious. Those who develop this can also develop cirrhosis, or scarring of the liver, as well as liver cancer. Those with the latter usually have very mild or no symptoms at all. Even carriers may eventually become free of this disease. There is a specific blood test for hepatitis B, which can test for either immune responses to the virus or for the virus itself. This test can distinguish between those vaccinated, those who have recovered, and those whom are carriers. The stage of this infection can be determined through a liver biopsy. Though treatment is not always necessary it is recommended as the best course of action along with adequate rest. For those who develop chronic hepatitis, alpha-interferon and steroids administered intravenously help to counter the infection. Oral medicines such as lamivudine and famciclovir are currently being tested. After liver failure a transplant is necessary, even then it may still become re-infected. This disease can be prevented with a vaccine. (Marr, 1998) HIV/AIDS HIV and AIDS are caused by a virus. Over thirty million people, globally, have this virus. Sixteen thousand new cases occur daily. One million infected are within the United States. There are no definitive symptoms for HIV, although some, thirty to seventy percent do develop flu like symptoms two to six weeks after infection. Another possible symptom is the swelling of the lymph nodes. Tell-tale symptoms only become prevalent once the disease manifests into AIDS, which takes on average ten years. This virus attacks CD4 cells, which are a part of the immune system. Healthy people have about five hundred CD4 cells. Those with AIDS are defined by having less than two hundred. The less CD4 cells the more susceptible one is to infection. At different counts different infections can occur. Between two hundred and five hundred, one is more susceptible to diseases such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, shingles, yeast infections, cervical cancer, anemia, Kaposis sarcoma, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, and others. Between one and two hundred, one is more susceptible to AIDS dementia, and wasting syndrome, or inability to maintain a healthy body weight. Between fifty and one hundred, one can develop cytomegalovirus retinitis, also known as inflammation of the retina, toxoplasmosis, and/or criptococcosis. Less then fifty often results in Mycobacterium avium complex infection, cryptosporidiosis, progressive multifocal leukencephalopathy, and/or primary central nervous system lymphoma. It is these seco ndary infections and the bodys inability to detect and fight them which eventually lead to death. Blood tests and cultures can detect the presence of the virus. Blood tests are the most accurate, which detect the viral proteins, genetic material, or antibodies associated with HIV. Cultures are usually not used except in research settings. There is no cure for HIV or AIDS, thus treatment consists of delaying the progress of this disease. The CD4 count must be carefully monitored and each stage of damage requires different treatments. The two classes of medicines aimed at treating HIV both help stop the virus from replicating, but in different ways. Ziovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, and lamivudine are known as antiretroviral and make up one group. Saquinivir, indinavir, and retonivir make up the other and are known as protease inhibitors. Combinations of these drugs are considered the best treatment. The secondary infections must also be treated as they occur. New medications and further research continue to expand treatments. (Marr, 1998) It is apparent that sexually transmitted diseases are a major problem in our society. They pose a threat to any sexual relationship including marriage. Since many have no symptoms partners often infect each other and may not know it. In a marriage the sudden occurrence of symptoms or the detection of an STD can cause suspicion of an affair leading to great stress on the relationship. The financial expenses associated with treatment can also stress a relationship. Both partners getting tested for STDs before and after entering any sexual relationship should be of utmost importance. Early detection is very important in minimizing the damage to one’s health. Education on the ways of contracting STDs, as well as on how to practice safer sex is important to prevention. Marr, Lisa. (1998). Sexually Transmitted Diseases: A Physician Tells You What You Need to Know. Baltimore, MA: The John Hopkins University Press. National Institute of Health, National Library of Medicine Gonorrhea Retrieved October 25, 2008, from nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gonorrhea.html National Institute of Health, National Library of Medicine Chlamydia Retrieved October 26, 2008, from nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chlamydiainfections.html Genital HPV Infection CDC Fact Sheet Retrieved November 3, 2008, from cdc.gov/STD/HPV/STDFact-HPV.htm Research Papers on Sexually Transmitted DiseasesGenetic EngineeringThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesGene One the Transition from Private to PublicA Marketing Analysis of the Fast-Food Restaurant19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceStandardized TestingThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

(Real)Assessment of the Higher Education Administration Program at Research Paper

(Real)Assessment of the Higher Education Administration Program at Peabody College of Vanderbilt University - Research Paper Example The aim of the college is to train highly skilled experts from varied backgrounds, for organizations both out of and in education, who have the same profound concern for the condition of human beings. Most academic programs in Peabody College consist of a powerful practice orientation. The college admits over 1,200 undergraduates and over 600 professional or graduate students, with the full-time teaching staff numbering 125. Many teaching faculty members are great leaders of professional organizations, are scholarly journals editors’ while others are recognized nationally for their research (â€Å"Education and Human Development at Vanderbilt,† 2010). The college’s twelve faculty members are holders of named, conferred professorships. The faculty has five departments namely department of Psychology and Human Development; department of Special Education; department of Human and Organizational Development; department of Teaching and Learning; and department of Lead ership, Policy, Organizations (Education and Human Development at Vanderbilt, 2010). This paper gives an assessment of Peabody College’s Higher Education Administration Program. ... The college received the last accredition in 2007 and will receive the next interim report on March 2013 (â€Å"Vanderbilt University Accreditation,† 2010). Every year, the United States’ News & World Report reviews Peabody College externally vis-a-vis other graduate schools of education. The report indicates that for the last one and a half decade, the college has held a top ten position. The report also indicated that for 2012, the college was in the top spot among the national graduate school of education and that this was the third successive year. Additionally, Peabody College consistently scores highly for student selectivity, a large quantity of funded research, and a low student-to-faculty ratio. Peabody, among the first five schools, has the largest number of programs incorporated in the specialty rankings of United States’ News & World Report (â€Å"Vanderbilt University's Peabody College of Education and Human Development,† 2011). The United Sta tes’ News & World Report further indicates that Peabody attained nine points up ahead of its closest competitor with a general score of one hundred, with programs in Special Education along with Administration/Supervision being number one in the rankings. Other recognized programs were programs in Elementary Education and Educational Psychology, which were ranked fourth; programs in Education Policy, which were ranked fifth; programs in Instruction/Curriculum, which were ranked eighth; and programs in Higher Education Administration, which were ranked ninth. The yearly rankings of graduate schools are derived from surveys of about 13,000 academics and over 1,200 programs carried out in fall 2010 while individual program rankings are derived from deans of graduate studies and